在我之前的博客中聊到了 DH 密钥交换的原理 . 这里来讨论如何使用 OPENSSL 进行 DH 密钥交换。
一 原理验证
OPENSSL 提供了一系列API, 可以在方便地进行大数计算。在这里我们先对 DH 密钥交换的原理 中讲到的原理进行代码级别的验证。对原理不感兴趣的可以跳过这一小节。
由于在 DH 密钥交换过程中,大部分的操作过程都是一样的,可以定义一个基类来抽象:
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| class DHBase { public: DHBase() : m_pri_key(NULL) {}
virtual ~DHBase() { if (m_pri_key) BN_free(m_pri_key); };
const BIGNUM *GetSharedNum() { if (!m_pri_key) GenRandomData();
BN_CTX *ctx = BN_CTX_new(); const BIGNUM *g = DH_get0_g(m_dh); const BIGNUM *p = DH_get0_p(m_dh); BIGNUM *r = BN_new();
int rst = BN_mod_exp(r, g, m_pri_key, p, ctx); assert(rst == 1); BN_CTX_free(ctx); return r; }
BIGNUM *GenKey(const BIGNUM *shared_num) { if (!m_pri_key) GenRandomData();
BIGNUM *key = BN_new(); BN_CTX *ctx = BN_CTX_new();
int rst = BN_mod_exp(key, shared_num, m_pri_key, DH_get0_p(m_dh), ctx); assert(rst == 1); BN_CTX_free(ctx);
std::cout << m_name << ": received shared num: " << GetNumString(shared_num) << std::endl; std::cout << m_name << ": generated KEY: " << GetNumString(key) << std::endl; return key; }
std::string GetName() { return m_name; }
static std::string GetNumString(const BIGNUM *num) { return BN_bn2hex(num); }
private: void GenRandomData() { assert(m_dh); m_pri_key = BN_new(); int rst = BN_rand_range(m_pri_key, DH_get0_p(m_dh)); assert(rst == 1); while (BN_is_zero(m_pri_key)) { BN_rand_range(m_pri_key, DH_get0_p(m_dh)); } std::cout << m_name << ": generated the private num" << std::endl; }
protected: DH *m_dh; std::string m_name;
private: BIGNUM *m_pri_key; };
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DH交换发起方的类如下:
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| class DHRequest : public DHBase { public: DHRequest() : m_dh_nid(NID_ffdhe8192) { m_dh = DH_new_by_nid(m_dh_nid); m_name = "REQUEST"; }
int GetDHNid() { return m_dh_nid; }
private: int m_dh_nid; };
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m_dh_nid 是 OID (ObjectID 对象标识) 的延伸。OID 是由国际电信联盟(ITU)和ISO/IEC标准化的标识符机制,用于以全局明确的持久名称命名任何对象、概念或“事物”的一组数字。NID (NameID) 则是与 OID 相对应的一个字符串名称;在 DH 密钥交换中,NID 可以是 NID_ffdhe2048, NID_ffdhe3072, NID_ffdhe4096, NID_ffdhe6144 或 NID_ffdhe8192 中的一种。每一种 NID 背后都是由密码学专家或组织精心设计的一组数据 DH(内容包括 G,P等)。当然,我们也可以设计使用自己的数据。
密钥交换接受方的类如下:
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| class DHResponse : public DHBase { public: DHResponse(int dh_nid) { m_name = "RESPONSE"; m_dh = DH_new_by_nid(dh_nid);
std::cout << m_name << ": received DH param (G,P)" << std::endl; } };
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最后来看 DH 密钥交换的过程:
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| int main() { init_openssl();
DHRequest request; DHResponse response(request.GetDHNid());
const BIGNUM *req_shared_num = request.GetSharedNum(); const BIGNUM *res_shared_num = response.GetSharedNum();
BIGNUM *request_key = request.GenKey(res_shared_num); BIGNUM *response_key = response.GenKey(req_shared_num);
int cmp = BN_cmp(request_key, response_key); assert(cmp == 0);
clean_openssl(); return 0; }
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可以看到,整个过程中,交换的数据只有 nid 和 shared_num 。最终双方生成的 key 是相同的,完成了密钥交换。
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| RESPONSE: received DH param (G,P) REQUEST: generated the private num RESPONSE: generated the private num REQUEST: received shared num: 04066791E05CEDC8C630544043CA2FE9 ... 2B541ED73 REQUEST: generated KEY: 56E45AFDF14856C858899D5E13890693 ... 19066BBD1 RESPONSE: received shared num: 4A7B96C1D952DEC5486FF95DC3FF749D ... B80492A83 RESPONSE: generated KEY: 56E45AFDF14856C858899D5E13890693 ... 19066BBD1
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二. OPENSSL 进行 DH 密钥交换
最主要的结构体为 typedef struct dh_st DH; , 原型 dh_st 定义在文件 dh_locl.h 中:
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| struct dh_st { BIGNUM *p; BIGNUM *g; BIGNUM *pub_key; BIGNUM *priv_key; };
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DH 的生成有多种方式,如前面说的 DH_new_by_nid, 还有后面用到的 DH_generate_parameters_ex .此外还有从 BIO 等生成 DH 的方法。
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| int DH_generate_parameters_ex(DH *dh, int prime_len,int generator, BN_GENCB *cb); int DH_generate_key(DH *dh); int DH_compute_key(unsigned char *key, BIGNUM *pub_key, DH *dh);
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DH_generate_parameters_ex : 用于生成一个随机的 DH 结构体
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DH_generate_key : 用于生成公钥和私钥, 不要和 RSA 的公私钥弄混,这里的公钥是指和双方交换的数 G^a % P, 这里的私钥指双方保留的私密数字
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DH_compute_key 用于计算最后交换的结果密钥
一个密钥交换的示例如下:
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| #include <openssl/dh.h> #include <openssl/evp.h> #include <openssl/bn.h>
class Request { public: Request() { m_dh = DH_new(); int rst = DH_generate_parameters_ex(m_dh, 512, 2, NULL); rst = DH_check(m_dh, &rst); assert(rst == 1); DH_generate_key(m_dh); }
~Request() { if (m_dh) DH_free(m_dh); }
void GetSharedNums(BIGNUM *&p, BIGNUM *&g) { assert(m_dh); p = BN_dup(DH_get0_p(m_dh)); g = BN_dup(DH_get0_g(m_dh)); }
void GetPubKey(BIGNUM *&pubkey) { assert(m_dh); pubkey = BN_dup(DH_get0_pub_key(m_dh)); }
std::string GetPriKey(const BIGNUM *pubkey) { int sz = DH_size(m_dh); unsigned char *key = (unsigned char *) malloc(sz); DH_compute_key(key, pubkey, m_dh);
std::string ret(reinterpret_cast<char *>(key)); free(key);
return ret; }
private: DH *m_dh; };
class Response { public: Response() : m_dh(NULL) {}
~Response() { if(m_dh) DH_free(m_dh); }
bool Init(BIGNUM *p, BIGNUM *g) { if (!m_dh) { m_dh = DH_new(); } int rst = DH_set0_pqg(m_dh, p, 0, g); assert(rst == 1); rst = DH_generate_key(m_dh); return rst == 1;
}
void GetPubKey(BIGNUM *&pubkey) { assert(m_dh); assert(DH_get0_priv_key(m_dh)); pubkey = BN_dup(DH_get0_pub_key(m_dh)); }
std::string GetPriKey(const BIGNUM *pubkey) { assert(m_dh); unsigned char *key = (unsigned char *) malloc(DH_size(m_dh)); int rst = DH_compute_key(key, pubkey, m_dh); if(rst < 0){ printf("%s", ERR_reason_error_string(ERR_get_error())); } std::string ret(reinterpret_cast<char *>(key)); free(key);
return ret; }
private: DH *m_dh; };
int main(void) {
DH *m_dh = DH_new(); int rst = DH_generate_parameters_ex(m_dh, 512, 2, NULL); rst = DH_check(m_dh, &rst); assert(rst == 1);
const BIGNUM *ppp = DH_get0_p(m_dh); BIGNUM *x = BN_dup(ppp);
Request request; BIGNUM *p = NULL, *g = NULL; request.GetSharedNums(p, g);
Response response; bool init = response.Init(p, g); assert(init);
BIGNUM *pubkey_of_request = NULL, *pubkey_of_response = NULL; request.GetPubKey(pubkey_of_request); response.GetPubKey(pubkey_of_response);
std::string key1 = request.GetPriKey(pubkey_of_response); std::string key2 = response.GetPriKey(pubkey_of_request);
int cmp = key1.compare(key2); assert(cmp == 0);
return 0; }
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